非谓语动词

2021-10-25 fishedee 英语

0 概述

非谓语动词是英语中的一个难点，我们单独开一篇来总结他的用法。

1 分类

1.1 分类

分类为：

  • 不定式，to do，暗含着一般与将来的时态
  • 现在分词，v-ing
  • 动名词，v-ing
  • 过去分词，v-ed

1.2 词语变形

1.2.1 过去式

  • 规则动词：v+ed
  • 不规则动词：记忆

1.2.2 过去分词

  • 规则动词：v+ed
  • 不规则动词:记忆

1.3 语法衍生

看这里和这里

一般式 完成形式 进行式 一般被动式 完成被动式
to do to have done to be doing to be done to have been done
doing having done 无 being done having been done
done 无 无 无 无

完成方式一般用来做状语，不做其他成分。

2 作用

2.1 不定式

不定式可以做很多句子成分，例如：

  • 主语，To Smoke to not good for you，吸烟对你没好处

  • 宾语，I want to go home，我想回家去

  • 宾补，My Boss told me to type out two letters，

  • 表语，My dream is to be a doctor，我的梦想是成为医生

  • 定语，They have no place to live，他们没有地方住了

  • 状语（表目的），He went to Beijing to visit his friend，他去北京，拜访他的朋友。

  • 状语（表结果），I hurried home only to find my boy friend had left，我匆忙回到家，只发现我的男朋友走了。

不定式可以做任何成分，就是不能做谓语成分

2.2 现在分词

现在分词，可以做很多句子成分，例如：

  • 宾补，Can you hear the woman singing the song outside?（“听到”是谓语，“女人”是宾语，“在唱歌”是宾语补足语。）

  • 表语，The task of this class is practicing the sentences.

  • 定语，The girl dancing on the stage is my sister

  • 状语（表时间），Hearing the news, all people were shocked.(“听到这个消息”在这里做状语，表示时间，相当于when引导的时间状语从句)

  • 状语（表结果），It rained heavily，causing flooding in that country。（“导致发生了洪水”在这里做状语，表示结果，是雨下得太大的结果）

  • 状语（表原因），Feeling tired，I didn’t want to do anything。（相当since引导的原因状语从句）

现在分词除了不能做谓语成分以外，还不能做主语和宾语。

2.3 动名词

另外一个形式，与现在分词形式很相近，但是它是不是现在分词的含义，它的名字叫动名词。区别：

  • Watching TV is my favorite thing，这个句子中watching就是动名词，它在句子中做主语，动名词通常表示一件事，有名词属性
  • 现在分词表示动作特点，动词属性更强。

动名词与现在分词的区别在于，动名词能做主语和宾语，而现在分词不能

2.4 过去分词

  • 宾补，When we saw the road blocked with snow,we decided to spend the holiday at home.

  • 表语，The store is now closed

  • 定语，The retired man was very interested in painting.

  • 状语（表原因），Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.

  • 状语（表时间），Asked why he did it, the monitor said it was his duty.

  • 状语（表条件），Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.

过去分词与现在分词的作用类似，但是它表达的是过去形式，以及被动关系。

3 宾语成分

3.1 不定式与动名词

3.1.1 不定式含有传递含义

to是一个有“传递”含义的词，我们在一些语境下，会翻译成”给“，做介词时，后面要接名词，比如给某人；而在to do这个结构里，虽然它不再是介词性质了，但表示“传递”的含义还在，通过几个接 to do的动词来看看

  • plan to work （计划去工作。动作，由计划转移到工作上）
  • want to fly （想要飞。动作，由想转移到飞上）
  • learn to walk （学习去走路。动作，由学习转移到走路上）

接doing的词，就没有”一个动作传递到另一个动作上“这样的含义，相反地，doing的动词属性变弱，名词属性变强了，我们看看接doing的动词：

  • enjoy working （享受工作，工作在这里有名词的意味，即享受工作这件事）
  • finish exercising （完成锻炼，锻炼在这里也有名词的意味，即完成锻炼这件事）
  • allow dancing（允许跳舞，跳舞也有名词的意味，即允许跳舞这件事）

表示动作从一个传递到另一个上，就是to do；没有动作传递概念，而是在表达一件事，就可以用 doing。

3.1.2 时态

表示即将发生，就可以用to do，一般翻译成“要……”、“去……”；而表示正动作持续发生，或已完成，就可以用doing。

3.1.3 总结

有的动词后面既可以接to do 又可以接 doing，视句子语义和语境而定。

3.2 谓语动词含有to

参看这里

to do是一种固定结构，用来衔接to前后的两个动词，用来表达动作先后发生，由第一个动作转移到第二个动作上。

  • decide to buy sth （决定“去”买东西）
  • plan to study（计划“去”学习）
  • want to see movie（想要“去”看电影）

而to doing不是固定结构，而前方的xxx to是固定结构，这时候to是介词作用，用来表达，对…，对于…，和…，与…的语义，他的语义与to do是不同的。由于，这个时候的xxx to是固定结构，它的语义后面要加的是名词，表达某物的意思，所以当遇到动词的时候，要加上ing的方式，变为动名词。

  • look forward to……（对某事期待）
  • devote oneself to……（投身于某事）
  • make contribution to……（对某事做贡献）
  • have access to……（和某事接触）
  • be similar to……（和某事相似）
  • be related to……（和某事相关）
  • thanks to……（多亏某事）
  • in additon to……（除了某事）

注意，这里的xxx to的xx可以是动词，名词短语，形容词短语，

3.3 否定式

not do do sth.

  • I’d prefer not to discuss this issue.

4 主语成分

只有不定式，和动名词，可以做主语和宾语成分。现在分词与过去分词是不能做主语和宾语成分。

4.1 不定式作形式主语

参考这里

动词不定式作主语时，如作主语的不定式短语较长，常用it作为形式主语，而将真正的主语（不定式短语）放在谓语之后。

  • To finish so much housework in a day is impossible.
  • It is impossible to finish so much housework in a day.

句型：It + be + 形容词+ for sb. + to do sth. （for sb.是不定式的逻辑上的主语，当形容词表示客观情况时使用。这样的形容词有important, possible, difficult, easy, hard 等。)

  • It is important for us to learn English well.
  • 相当于To learn English well is important for us。其中use是不定式中的逻辑主语，不定式是整个句子的主语
  • It is difficult for him to finish homework by himself。
  • 相当于 To finish homework by himself is difficult for him

句型：It + be + 形容词 + of sb. + to do sth. （of sb.是不定式的逻辑上的主语，当形容词表示主观感情或态度时使用。这样的形容词有nice, kind, right, wrong, wise, clever, foolish, polite, impolite, good, silly, naughty等。如：

  • It’s very kind of you to say so.
  • It’s clever of him to leave that company.

句型：It takes (sb.) some time to do sth.表示“花了某人一些时间去做某事”。如：

  • It takes me half an hour to go to school by bicycle every day.
  • It takes me quite a long time to understand the meaning of the painting.

句型：It is + 名词 + to do sth. 也是一种常见的用法。如：

  • It is a pleasure to talk with you.
  • It is a pity to miss such an important lecture.
  • It is a pleasant thing to go fishing outside on a fine day.

4.2 动名词

注意，动名词与现在分词的区别

看这里

动名词做的是，名词成分，在句子中就是做主语，与宾语成分。而现在分词，是状语或者宾补成分的。动名词作为名词结构，它可以与普通的定语组合一起做复合名词结构，称为动名词的复合结构。两者都可以做表语。

动名词：

  • She hates speaking in the public
  • 她不喜欢在公众场所讲话。动名词speaking in the public的逻辑主语，与句子原来的主语一致，都是She。
  • Getting up early is considered a good habit
  • 早期被认为是一种好习惯
  • I know nothing about his having served in the army
  • 我一点也不知道他服过役，his + 动名词，组合为动名词复合结构。其中his作为动名词的逻辑主语，这样做是为了区别逻辑主语与句子主语的不同。句子主语是I，但是动名词的主语是He，所以，用His的所有格形式
  • I appreciate her devoting herself to the cause of education
  • 我非常钦佩她献身于教育事业的精神。cause是事业的意思。devote … to …
  • John’s having seen her did not make her worried
  • 约翰看见了她，这并没有使她不安
  • Is there any hope of our team winning the match?
  • 我们队有希望获胜吗？

动名词的复合结构中，动名词的逻辑主语：

  • 有生命的名词，用所有格
  • 无生命或抽象概念名词，只用通格
  • 遇到s结尾的名词，或者一个以上的名词构成的词组，只用通格
  • 数词，指示代词，不定代词，一般用通格

现在分词：

  • I heard him singing in the garden
  • 我听到他在公园里唱歌，宾补
  • I insist on the girl going to bed at once
  • 我坚决要求那个女孩立即上床睡觉，宾补

一些隐晦一点的动名词用法：

  • It’s nice seeing you again
  • 再次见到你太好了。it做形式主语，动名词就是那个实际主语
  • There was no knowing what he could do
  • 他做什么很难说，There be的倒装主语
  • So you perfer living abroad
  • 这样说你更愿意住在国外。动词后面的宾语
  • He has given up playing football
  • 他现在不踢足球了。give up做谓语，动名词做宾语
  • Her hobby is painting。
  • 她的爱好是绘画。（表语）

一些隐晦一点的现在分词用法

  • Living in the country，we had few social engagements.
  • 我们住在乡下，交际的机会很少。（表原因状语）
  • The news is encouraging.
  • 这个消息令人鼓舞。（表语）

5 宾补成分

以have为例子

看这里

5.1 have sb do

省略了to do的语法，让某人做某事，具体指某事，事情可能还没做。(to) do是动词不定式，sb与 to do是主动关系

  • The boss often has them work for 14 hours a day.
  • I’ll have someone repair the bike for you.
  • Don’t forget to have Mr Brown come to our party.

5.2 have sb doing sth

让某人做某事，正在进行的，doing是现在分词，sb与doing是主动关系

  • Don’t have the baby crying.
  • Don’t have the dog barking much.
  • You’d better have your car running slowly.

5.3 have sb done

表示有某人做某事，done是过去分词，sb与done是被动关系

  • We had the machine mended just now
  • He has had his hair cut.
  • The patient is going to have his temperature taken.
  • I will have my homework done.

5.4 have sth to do

to do 是不定式作定语，修饰sth名词，本身，这里的have并没有使役的意思

  • Do you have anyhing to take to your son?
  • I have a lot of things to take with me.
  • Do you have anything to be taken to your son?

5.5 see的不定式与现在分词

看这里

see sb do sth是see 接动词不定式，表示动作的全过程；see sb doing sth是see接现在分词只表示动作过程的一部分。如：

  • I saw her put the key in the lock. 我看见她把钥匙插进锁眼。
  • I see her coming into the station. 我看见她走进车站。

有时动词不定式单纯表示事实，而现在分词则具有描写色彩。如：

  • We saw the student run. 我们看到那个学生跑了。（saw为see的过去式）
  • We saw the student running behind the trees。我们看到那个学生在树后面跑。

6 定语成分

看这里和这里

非谓语动词的完成式，是没有定语成分的作用。

6.1 不定式

不定式作定语的时候，总是放在名词的后面。常表示将来时态，有主动与被动两种形式。

将来时态：

  • I have something to say。（主动形式表被动意义）
  • I’ll give you a magzine to read。（主动形式表被动意义）

主动关系，to do，常常有The first，The second，The last，The next，The Only等修饰

  • The next train to arrive is from Washington.修饰词是train，train arrive，主动关系
  • The last one to arrive pays the meal.修饰词是one，one arrive，主动关系

被动关系，to be done，修饰词与动词是动宾关系

  • He first book to be published next month is based on a true story。修饰词是book，published the book，动宾关系

6.2 动名词

动名词作定语的时候，表达用途，不表达主动关系，也不表达进行关系

  • living room
  • swimming pool

6.3 现在分词

现在分词作定语，有主动与被动的两种形式。他们都表达一种进行时的时态。

主动关系，doing：

  • falling leaves，the rising son, boiling water
  • The body standing on the ground
  • The man introducing modern technology into China.

被动关系，being done：

  • The bridge being built
  • The meeting being held

否定方式，not doing sth

  • She talked to those not playing cards,and later she sang while Miss Jekyns beat time to music.
  • 她和不打牌的人聊天，后来她唱起了歌，而詹金斯小姐随着音乐打拍子。

6.4 过去分词

过去分词作定语，表达两种意思，过去时态与被动关系

  • the players selected from the whole country.
  • The experience gained is very useful.

但是，我们常常混淆了，形容词与过去分词作定语。形容词作定语，是没有过去时态和被动关系一说的，过去分词才有这种说法。区别的方法在于，只有过去分词作定语才能后置，而形容词作定语前置（非anything,those等的情况）。

  • The retired man was very interested in painting.

  • 那位退休的人对绘画非常感兴趣。retired是形容词，不是过去分词，等效于The man who had retaired was very interesting in painting.

  • The injured workes are now being taken good care of in the hospital.

  • 受伤的工人现在在医院受到良好的照料。injured是形容词，不是过去分词

  • This will be the novel of its kind ever written.

  • 这将是这类小说中写得最好的。written是过去分词，后置定语

  • Who were the so-called guests invited to your party last night?.

  • 昨晚被邀请参加你的晚会的那些所谓的客人是谁呀？invited是过去分词，后置定语

  • The experience gained is very useful.

  • 获取的经验很有用。gained是过去分词，后置定语，表强调意思

  • They decided to change the product used.

  • 他们决定改变使用过的产品。used是过去分词，后置定语，表强调

  • wanted person，被通缉的人。wanted是形容词，普遍意义，被通缉的。

  • waitresses wanted，招聘工人。wanted是过去分词，局部意义，被某些人需要的。

  • in the given time在既定的时间内。given是形容词，普遍意义，既定的时间。

  • with the words given用所给的单词，given是过去分词，局部意义，给定的某些单词。

7 不定式省略to的情况

看这里

7.1 使役动词与to省略

在let,make,have等后面的时候，可以省略不定式的to

  • Let me have another cup of tea
  • She had him dig away the snow
  • They made him tell them everything

但是被动语态的时候要补上to

  • He was made to work twenty hours a day

force和oblige，需要加上to

  • The forced her to sign the paper
  • The law obliged parents to send their children to school

7.2 感觉动词与to省略

感觉动词有feel,hear,notice,observe,see,watch,look at,listen to等用不定式做宾语补足语的时候，需要省略to

  • We all felt the house shake
  • I heard him go down the stairs
  • Did you notice her leave the house?
  • I watched her get into the car

当宾语补足语是to be的时候，to不能省略

  • They all felt the plan to be unwise

当宾语补足语是完成时的不定式的时候，to不能省略

  • I noticed her to have come early.

动词变化被动的时候，to不能省略

  • They were heard to break a glass in the next door.

还有一种用法是，see sb done，表示被动语态

see sb done 看到某人被……，和前面的两者区别在于，前两者是主动关系，这个 sb 和 动作之间是被动，如：

  • see sb murdered ,sb和murder是被动关系,看到某人被谋杀

7.3 why(not) 与to省略

  • Why argue with him?He’ll never change his mind.
  • Why not try going by boat for a change?
  • Why not wait till the winter sales to buy a new coat.

7.4 except/but与to的省略，复杂情况

当不定式用作介词except或except的宾语时，该不定式有时带 to，有时不带 to，情形比较复杂，大致原则是：其前有do，不定式不带 to；其前没有 do，不定式通常带 to。如

  • He likes nothing except to watch TV.
  • It had no effect except to make him angry.
  • There’s little we can do except wait.
  • I could do nothing except agree.

7.5 help与to的省略

动词help后跟一个不定式用作定语或者宾语补足语时，不定式可以不带to，也可以带to。

  • Can you help (to) carry this table upstairs.
  • I have lost my watch. Will you help me (to) look for it?

但是，当help用于被动语态，或者否定方式，的时候，必须要带to

  • Willie was helped to overcome her fear of flying.
  • How can I help my children not to worry about their exams?

7.6 know与to的省略

一是用于“know+宾语+to be”：当 know 为现在式时，其中的 to 不能省略；当 know 为过去式或完成式时，其中的to可以省略也可以保留。如：

  • I know him to be a fool = I know that he is a fool
  • I’ve never known her (to) be late before.

二是用于“know+宾语+to do”：当 know 为现在式时，其中的 to 不能省略；当 know 为过去式或完成式时，其中的 to 可以省略也可以保留。如：

  • They know him to have been a spy.
  • I never knew him (to) do such a thing.
  • I’ve never known it (to) snow in July before.

在被动语态，或者不定方式为完成式的时候，to不能省略

  • He has never been known to tell a lie.
  • I have never known her to have failed.

7.7 bid与to的省略

bid表示吩咐的意思时，作为宾语补足语的不定式，可以带to，可以不带to

  • She bade me (to) come in.
  • He bade me (to) do the work.

但是，当bid为被动语态时，其后的不定式必须带to

  • I was bidden to do the work

7.8 不定式作表语与to的省略

不定方式作表语时，to是不能省略的

  • His aim is to two years’ work in one.
  • This wall is to keep people out of the garden.

特殊情况，主语部分由动词do的某种形式的时候，可以省略to

  • What you first do is (to) mix the egg with flour.
  • All I did was (to) touch the window , and it broke

7.9 并列不定式与to的省略

通常只需在第一个不定式前加to，其余的不定式前的to可以省略

  • I’d like to lie down and (to) go to sleep.
  • Will you go to see the film or (to) dance?
  • I’ll go to seem him myself and (to) ask him about it.

但是，如果两者有对比关系，则后面不定式前的to不可省略

  • To try and fail is better than not to try at all.

7.10 固定搭配与to的省略

let的固定搭配，let fall，let fly，let go，let slip

  • live and let live
  • The dog’s got a stick between his teeth and he won’t let go
  • He aimed carefully and then let fly.
  • I guessed what was happened from a few words she let fall.

make的固定搭配，make believe，make do

  • The boys made believe (that) they were astronauts
  • We were in a hurry so we had to make do with a quick snak

8 不定式主动形式表被动

看这里和这里

8.1 形容词+不定式结构作表语，宾补和定语

  • These apples are good to eat.
  • I find the lecture difficult to understand.
  • He is a man easy to get on with

8.2 too..to..结构

  • The passage is too hard to translate
  • The box is too heavy to move.

8.3 疑问代词+不定式

  • I don’t know what to do next
  • She will tell you which bus to take
  • Do you know who to go with?

8.4 不定式作定语的时候，与被修饰词有动宾关系，与另外一个名词有主谓关系。

  • I have a meeting to attend today.
  • Do you have anything to say?
  • He gave me some books to read

如果没有主谓关系，则需要用不定式的被动形式

  • I’m going to Beijing next week. Do you have anything to be taken to your parents.注意，这里没有you和take不构成主谓关系，因为sb take sth的意思是带离某物，不是顺带带给某物。而且take后面还有不定式。
  • He first book to be published next month is based on a true story。publish与He不构成主谓关系

8.5 特殊句型，to let，to blame，to seek

  • The house is to let
  • Who is to blame for it
  • The reason is not far to seek

8.6 There be 结构用主动形式多一点，被动也可以

  • There is no time to lose
  • There are still many difficults to overcome.

主动与被动表达不同的含义

  • There is nothing to do now.（We have nothing to do.）强调nothing，没有事情做
  • There is nothing to be done now.（We can do nothing now.），强调do，没有办法做
  • There is nothing to see，（nothing worth seeing），没有东西值得看
  • There is nothing to be seen，（nothing there at all），看不见什么东西

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